Properties and Uses of Copper

Electrical:

Copper is the best non-precious metal conductor of electricity. It sets the standard to which other conductors are compared. In addition, copper's exceptional strength, ductility, and resistance to creeping and corrosion, makes it the preferred and safest conductor for building wiring. Copper is also used in power cables, either insulated or uninsulated, for high, medium and low voltage applications. The ICSG, in partnership with the ICA, IIEC and CFC1, is supporting a project to increase usage of energy efficient, copper intensive products in China and India. Copper is an essential component of energy efficient motors and transformers. Introducing and promoting such technologies will contribute to improving energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing living standards in rural areas.

Electronics and Communications:

The introduction of optical fibre in communication trunk lines has led to a revolution in the telecom industry. While displacing copper in part of the distribution system, optical fibre actually has led to an increase in demand for copper as communities "get wired." Copper continues to be the preferred carrier for the last mile, or segment. As well, domestic subscriber lines, wide and local area networks, personal computers and other hardware all require copper and copper alloys, especially for connectors.

xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology allows the existing copper infrastructure of ordinary telephone wires to also carry high speed data. For internet users, xDSL technology means connecting at 1.5 million bits per second instead of 56 thousand bits per second!

Semiconductor manufacturers recently launched a revolutionary "copper chip". By using copper for circuitry in silicon chips, microprocessors are able to operate at higher speeds, using less energy.

Construction:

Copper roofing, in addition to being attractive, is well known for its resistance to extreme weather conditions. Major public buildings, commercial buildings, and homes, use copper for their rainwater goods and roofing needs.

The telltale green patina finish, that gives copper the classic look of warmth and richness, is the result of natural weathering.

Copper fire sprinkler systems are a valuable safety feature in buildings.

Copper and brass are the materials of choice for plumbing, taps, valves and fittings.

Unlike plastic tubing, copper does not burn, melt or release noxious or toxic fumes in the event of a fire. Copper tubes also help protect water systems from potentially lethal bacteria such as legionella .

The use of copper doorknobs and plates exploits copper's biostatic properties to help prevent the transfer of disease and microbes.

Transportation:

All major forms of transportation depend on copper to perform critical functions.

Copper-nickel alloys are used on the hulls of boats and ships to reduce marine biofouling thereby reducing drag and improving fuel consumption.

Motors, wiring, radiators, connectors, brakes and bearings: Today's average size automobile contains about 27.6 kilograms of copper and a Boeing 747-400 contains 4,000 kilograms.

Copper's superior thermal conductivity, strength, corrosion resistance, and recyclability make it ideal for automotive and truck radiators.

New manufacturing technologies, processes and innovative designs will expand the penetration of copper in this market, as the resulting new copper-based radiators are lighter, smaller and more efficient.

Industrial Machinery and Equipment:

Wherever industrial machinery and equipment is found, it's a safe bet that copper and its alloys are present. Due to their durability, machinability, and ability to be cast with high precision and tolerances, copper alloys are ideal for making products such as gears, bearings, and turbine blades.

Copper's superior heat transfer capabilities and ability to withstand extreme environments makes it an ideal choice for heat exchange equipment, pressure vessels and vats.

The corrosion resistant properties of copper and copper alloys (such as brass, bronze, and copper-nickel) make them especially suitable for use in marine and other demanding environments.

Vessels, tanks, and piping exposed to seawater, propellers, oil platforms and coastal power stations, all depend on copper's corrosion resistance for protection

Consumer and General Products:

From the beginning of civilization copper has been used by various societies to make coins for currency.

Today, countries are replacing lower denomination bills by copper-based coins, as these coins last 10, 20 and even 50 times longer. The Euro coins, to be introduced in 2002, will contain copper. Copper and copper-based products are used in offices, households, and workplaces. Computers, electrical appliances, decorative brassware, and locks and keys are some of the more common products exploiting copper's advantages.

In areas known to be copper deficient, copper is used by farmers to supplement livestock and crop feed.

Consumption by End Use Sector:

Copper in History From Ores to Products Properties and Uses Copper and Health Copper and the Environment Copper Recycling Copper and Sustainable Development World Copper Consumption Consumption per Capita and Intensity of Use Trade, Exports and Imports Exchanges Copper Prices and Stocks World Copper Production and Consumption